Hamlet Act III Scene II free essay sample

This paper is an investigation of William Shakespeares Hamlet, and broadly expounds on Hamlets expand plan to uncover the lord as the killer of his dad. This is an examination of the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare. Extraordinary consideration is paid to the scene where the genuine killer of the lord is unveiled. The creator clarifies how this is a vital scene as it illuminates the puzzle that has been developing until that point. Act III, Scene II is significant for various reasons. Basically, it is the beginning of the second 50% of the play. It could be contended that the principal half of the play is when Hamlet sets up his procedure to retaliate for his dads demise. Normally, the subsequent half would then be Hamlet getting the revenge he so baldy needs. Tragically for almost all gatherings included, it doesn't occur how he arranged. We will compose a custom paper test on Hamlet: Act III Scene II or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In Act III Scene II, Claudius coerce just as his virtues had been presented for all to see. Villas insidious shrewdness was likewise uncovered by his non-angry methods for demonstrating the lords job in the homicide of his dad. Ultimately, the peruser additionally finds the sovereigns clear blamelessness.

Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Salmonellosis Essay

Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Salmonellosis - Essay Example Research facility Manual and Workbook in Microbiology Applications to Patient Care). It is additionally called as bacillary looseness of the bowels. All around gastro-enteritis is brought about by Shigella. It might cause bleeding the runs additionally called looseness of the bowels or cause non wicked the runs. Shigella picks up section through epithelial covering of internal organ and devastate the intestinal mucosa. The disease is profoundly infectious and is liable for more than at least 600,000 passings for each year. Most casualties are from creating countries and in regions of congestion where poor sanitation persevere; correctional facilities, mental emergency clinics, exile camps, childcare or in grade schools (Scarpignato, C, Lanas A, Bacterial Flora in Digestive Disease: Focus on Rifaximin (Digestion)). Old style manifestations incorporate watery free stool, stomach torment, mellow fever, stomach cramps, difficult stools, visit stools with bleeding bodily fluid. A portion of the strains of Shigella are known to create poison that bring about hemolytic uremic condition( Scarpignato, C, Lanas A, Bacterial Flora in Digestive Disease: Focus on Rifaximin (Digestion)). Clinical Sample: Stool/defecation/blood/rectal swab (Josephine A. Research center Manual and Workbook in Microbiology Applications to Patient Care)Positive societies are gotten from blood-tinged attachments of bodily fluid of newly passed stools. Rectal swabs are gathered if courses of action are there for fast preparing of the example or holding arrangement containing: supported glycerol saline is accessible (Scarpignato, C, Bacterial Flora in Digestive Disease: Focus on Rifaximin (Digestion)). Tiny Examination: Bacillary looseness of the bowels described by sheets of PMN Morphology and Staining: Differential Gram recoloring is performed show gram negative bacilli. Preparing of the clinical example is finished with the accompanying convention to affirm causative specialist. (Josephine A. Lab Manual and Workbook in Microbiology Applications to Patient Care) Media: Low selectivity: MacConkey, EMB Moderate Selectivity: Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate, Desoxycholate Citrate Agar, Salmonella Shigella agar and Hektoen enteric agar (HE) Exceptionally specific: Bismuth sulphite (BS) agar and splendid green agar (BG). Biochemical Tests: KIA Gas H2S MR VP Ind Cit Ure Maxim Cushion Lys Arg Orn ONPG K/A + + + - - + - + - + +/ - + - Serological Tests of Salmonellosis: Widal test (H and O agglutination for typhoid and paratyphoid patients), CIEP, Haemagglutination, ELISA, Bactericidal Antibody test, Adherence test for recognition of IgM antibodies, RIA, Co-agglutination test, Latex agglutination test, PCR, Diazo trial of Urine, bacteriophage composing (Josephine A. Research facility Manual and Workbook in Microbiology Applications to Patient Care). For location of Salmonella, 8 hour of pre-improvement is performed, convinced via robotized DNA extraction and a touchy ongoing PCR. Streamlining of this technique is done to get most elevated conceivable yield of cells and DNA to guaranteeing general wellbeing (Josefsen, M. H., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007). Serological Tests of Shigellosis: Slide agglutination with antisera for serogroup and serotype, PCR, ELISA, Monoclonal Antibodies test. Biochemical responses: MR +, decrease nitrate to nitrite, citrate usage ve, hindered by KCN, H2S-ve,catalase+ve, oxidase+ve,

Built for Speed COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Built for Speed COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog You could say that our first run through of completing applications is built for speed.   I can use myself as an example of how it works.   I will get a fairly sizable stack of applications that have been printed and place them on my desk.     I will take the first application off the top of the stack and open our application interface to see what has been tracked into the system to date. For applicants that submitted 100% of the documents online the process goes a bit faster.   If I look through the application and see that test scores were uploaded without a problem, all documents are clear, complete, and legible and all of the letters of recommendation have been submitted on line, completing the file takes just a few minutes.   The goal is for me to stay in one place and not move around a lot since the office is a flurry of activity. If I am going through the application and something is missing or is not legible, I will place the application in a follow up bin and move on to the next application.   This allows us to move quickly and when we have a large number of incomplete files, someone will be given the task of tracking down the missing documents.   Most likely they were mailed and are filed in what we call our loose documents file cabinet, or there was some circumstance out of the control of the applicant like inclement weather that lead to the cancellation of a test session or something of that nature that has caused a delay in the submission of a document or piece of information. At present we are over 85% of the way through our first sweep.   Of the files we review for completion, approximately 20% are missing a document or require some sort of follow up.   I am pleased with where we are and files have not yet started to go out for review. If you have already received an email message stating that your file is complete, please stay tuned to the blog for more information about the process. If you have yet to receive a message, do not panic or feel the need to contact us.   You are in the 15% of those we have not gotten to yet or might be in the 20% where we need to do a bit more work to complete the file. The more time we can spend on completing files the faster the process goes.   More than likely all of your documents are in, it is just a matter of waiting until we get through our speed sweep and then we will do our follow up sweep and match the missing documents to the file.   As a reminder, when a file is completed has no bearing upon the admission decision. Thank you again for your patience and I look forward to spending more time reading than sweeping in the near future.

The Best And Safest Thing - 1807 Words

Heidi Ngo English 102 Ron Peltier 3 December 2014 Medea’s Boundless Roles â€Å"The best and safest thing is to keep a balance in your life, acknowledge the great powers around us and in us. If you can do that, and live that way, you are really a wise man† - Euripides. In ancient Greece, the position of women and men were held in a patriarchal ideology limited by double standards. By definition, double standards mean: men are allowed to have profound behaviors and actions, while women who did the same actions were punished or looked upon harshly. These sets of principles was applied more severely to women than men especially regarding to a code of morals. Through the injustices by the Greek system, many women were oppressed and the treatment of women were unfair. Euripides, a great tragedian, was aware of these injustices and sought to attempt to bring the matter into light about the difficulties that befall women through his literary work of â€Å"Medea†. Medea does not portray the feminist role model, but rather a real women who suffers and have become twisted by their own undergoing pain. Medea completely subverts feminine norms and contradicts the patriarchal society because of her background, psychological mind, and her actions that would position her as a representation of both genders. The literary work of â€Å"Medea† presents a woman who commits infanticide and revenge because of Jason’s decision to marry the princess of Corinth. She is a woman of passion, cleverness, and veryShow MoreRelatedThe Death Ratio And Crash1331 Words   |  6 PagesMaybe you re afraid of snakes being on your plane? Nah, Im just kidding. Do you know what causes plane crashes? Small things such as birds, wind, and weather can take a 430 ton airplane to the ground, yet statistics actually show that air travel is the safest way to travel. In the following research paper the reader will learn how plane crashes happen and how they can be prevented. The death ratio and crash ratio both have descended over the following 20 years.There are thousands of car fatalitiesRead MoreNuclear War : A War Confrontation Strategy971 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment of the atomic bomb, and it has been proven to work and should continue to work as long as there continues to be nuclear weapons on our planet. As mentioned, the fear of annihilation is the cornerstone to the MAD strategies argument. It is one thing to declare nuclear war on countries military assets, which is what the counterforce strategy suggests, but it is a whole other disaster if countries citizens were threatened. This situation could send the earth back into the dark ages, or even worseRead MoreAutomobile Safety1459 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen taken to make an automobile ride as safe as possible. I will provide information on how to keep you and your car up to date with some precautions to ensure safety on the road. Preview We will begin with examples and tips on how to choose the safest automobile on the road, then we will look at precautions automobile companies are taking to keep you safe, and finally we will see some issues that are still to be taken care of as the automobile industry soars. Point 1 There are many differentRead MoreStand by Me Essay950 Words   |  4 PagesThe film ‘Stand by Me’ shows how characters unearth self-shaping thing about themselves. Intro: The film ‘Stand by Me’, produced in 1986 by director Rob Reiner, set in the town of Castle rock in 1959 demonstrates how a group of four young boys undertake an incredible and self-discovering journey, which in turn, allows them to uncover untouched things about themselves. Para 1: An illustration of how self-discovery is supplied in the film can be shown through the lead character, Gordie. At the beginningRead MoreTsa Should Use Full Body Scanners1487 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidered one of the best airport security systems. 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In recent times banks perform varied functions like ATM cards, safeguarding of valuable things, providing lockers, credit cards and online banking. Banks and banking Katy and in other American cities has helped the world economy. The simple method of safeguarding money and lending it to the borrowers leads to a productive flow of money. ThisRead MoreLeadership Style And Personality Type I Possess1679 Words   |  7 Pagesand following a clear set of rules while having control over how things are accomplished (Rath, 2007). A person with the strength of Consistency thrives in a structured environment; control, fairness and attention to detail is very important and allow great pleasure to be realized from accomplishing tasks. According to Rath (2007), setting up standardized ways of doing things is vital as it allows this person to do the right thing cons istently from a moral and legal perspective. A person withRead MoreA Zombie Apocalypse1523 Words   |  7 PagesA zombie apocalypse is a terrifying thing to imagine, but with an effective, well-thought-out emergency plan civilization can be better prepared for this catastrophe. As chief of police and fire, we are imbedded with the responsibility of help and guidance to citizens during this time of crisis. Our main priorities would be evacuation, communication, public safety, and crime prevention. As chief of police and fire, we would recommend all citizens make their way to one of our military safe zones

The Manipulation Of Ethical Decision Making - 1886 Words

The Manipulation of Ethical Decision-Making Thought Ethical Leadership This paper focuses on discussing the existence of â€Å"Ethical Leadership†, and how it ties into ethical decision making. Ethical decision-making and ethical leadership go hand and hand forming the basis of an ethical organizations. Ethical leadership guides the â€Å"Corporate Culture† thus heavily influencing ethical decision-making. Ethical leadership is the guide for organizational ethical decision-making, via its manipulation of the corporate culture. Pros of the Issue In order to understand Ethical Leadership; one must understand what ethics, and leadership are. Ethics are simply our principles; or values and beliefs, these define what is right and wrong to us thus; governing our behavior. Leadership however; is the process of influencing others to achieve goals. Therefore; a simple definition of ethical leadership is it the process of influencing people through principles, values and beliefs that encompass what we have defined as right behavior. If leadership is a process of social influence, then it stand to reason that leaders possess the ability to influence others both positive and negative in regards to ethical decision-making. It also stands to reason that if leader have strong personal values, they will possess strong Ethical Leadership. Some 500 respondents thought businesses in Europe were analyze on how ethical leadership behaviors; such as role modeling behavior, transmittingShow MoreRelatedExploring The Earnings Management Techniques, Materiality Concept, And Ethical Judgments817 Words   |  4 PagesArticle #6 Abstract. The article reviewed was Effects of Materiality, Risk, and Ethical Perceptions on Fraudulent Reporting by Financial Executives. 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The results demonstrated that investors consider the nondisclosure of illegal act unethical. Unlawful actions of the company management might not directly affect financial statements, but the investment decisions would be affected by information about illegal acts. The management quality and investors’ decisions are influenced by a qualitative disclosure of immaterial unlawful actionsRead MoreThe Ethical Theory Of Virtue Ethics1115 Words   |  5 Pagesand approach reproductive ethics. The Ethical theory of Utilitarianism/Consequentialism Now let’s review this technology and the moral dilemmas it raises through the principle of Utilitarianism. A Utilitarian might ask questions like, whom does this technology benefit the most? Or does the benefit of using this technology outweigh the cost? Utilitarianism prescribes happiness for the greatest number of people. 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In the case, the situation that Jean involved in is Wright expects Jean to use closing technique s to deceive her clients based on exaggerated and faked facts to increase the number of closed deals (Shaw, 2014, p.234). However, Jean strongly disagrees to use psychological manipulation, because of that, Jean’s sales

Study On The Industrial Abandoned Lands Architecture Essay Free Essays

Industrial abandoned lands, ruins, eyesores, nothingnesss, derelict, urban comeuppances, dead zones, soundless infinites, landscapes of disdain, and knee bends are merely a few of the words that have been used to calculate out the fragments of transmutation within our urban infinites. They are footings that refer to infinites such as post-industrial landscapes, abandoned environments, and empty infinites in the peripheral parts of a metropolis. Linked to the procedures of decay, the footings besides refer to the â€Å" cultural information and societal † of our metropolis infinites, their â€Å" loss and ruin. We will write a custom essay sample on Study On The Industrial Abandoned Lands Architecture Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now † By virtuousness of their disregard, catastrophic province, and fringy topographic point in the urban landscape, recent architectural and urban planning discourse has defined these infinites as â€Å" contingent, † â€Å" interstitial, † and â€Å" infinites of indefiniteness. † Throughout the 2nd half of the 20th century, many metropoliss have witnessed the fresh of important industrial landscapes and their eventual forsaking. Urban societies, cultural and architectural history, these landscapes of indefiniteness remain a portion of the urban palimpsest. Using the metaphor of â€Å" metropolis as palimpsest † and widening the impression of undetermined infinites. It is explored the nature of modern-day metropolis phenomena in relation to the transmutation of abandoned urban infinites. Since the autumn of the Nazi ‘s colonisation, Oswiecim has struggled with utilizing former mills. Under Communist force, the metropolis ‘s chief employer, who a chemical worker, failed to develop continue with modern engineering, and since 1989 over 10,000 work topographic points have been lost at the works. With apparently no other pick to cultivating a silvertip tourer trade, Oswiecim is happening its past progressively hard to get away. In other words, Oswiecim is urban decay metropolis – falls into unrecoverable and aged, with falling population or altering population, economic restructuring, abandoned edifices, high local unemployment, detached households, and inhospitable metropolis landscape – where whole metropolis country as fragments which is contained metropolis memories and infinite qualities. †¦ injury and discontinuity are cardinal for memory and history, ruins have come to be necessary for associating creativeness to the experience of loss at the person and corporate degree. Ruins operate as powerful metaphors for absence or rejection, and therefore, as inducements for contemplation or Restoration. [ 3 ] Decay Industrial ruins are an intersection of the seeable and the unseeable, for the people who managed them, worked in them, and inhabited them are non at that place. And yet their absence manifests itself as a presence through the scintillas and soundless things that remain, in the objects we half acknowledge or environ with imaginings. In ruins we can place that which appeared to be non at that place, a host of marks and hints which let us cognize that a haunting is taking topographic point. The shades of ruins do non crawl out of fly-by-night topographic points unheralded, as they do in extremely regulated urban infinites, but are abundant in the marks which haunt the present in such a manner as to all of a sudden inspire the yesteryear. Rather than being exorcised through renovation, these shades are able to stalk us because they are portion of an unfinished disposal of infinites and affair, identified as rubbish but non yet cleared. Such things all of a sudden become alive, when the over and done with comes alive the things you partially recognize or have heard about provoke familiar feelings, an inventive and empathic recouping of the characters, signifiers of communicating, and activities of mill infinite. In these haunted fringes, shades seldom provoke memories of the epochal and the iconic but recollect the everyday transition of mundane factory life. The yesteryear is n’t dead. It is n’t even past. [ 4 ] The decay resides at the conceptual intersection of the single parts of the analogy that zone created by the superimposition and superposition of basically semitransparent entities. The active visible radiation of reading radiances through these beds, as it were, lighting important forms and figures. Meaning actively happens here ; it is constructed as images overlap each other, alining themselves momently, and so switching somewhat, promoting reevaluation and reinterpretation. As a superimposed figure of deepness in architecture, complexness occurs in both program and subdivision. As a site, the zone of significance in the analogical system is frequently equivocal. Yet, besides as a site, this country has boundaries or, instead, a set – mostly unquantifiable – of all available significances, which is different than a unbounded field of all-inclusiveness or unregulated readings. Trace and Time Layers with Derrida ‘s Theory The resonance of a knock on a door uncovers its denseness. The tactile of a wall describes its materiality. The texture of a floor may ask for us to sit or put down. The smoothness of a bannister comforts our acclivity. Human tegument is a powerful stuff that enables us to comprehend and understand our milieus. Skin is extremely expressive ; based on its colour, texture, wear and malleability we can read it, garnering information refering civilization, cultural background, age, maltreatment, wellness and the undertakings it performs on specific organic structure parts. Skin itself reads as it is clear. Our tegument can garner informations through haptic perceptual experience and read our spacial milieus. Architecture is an expressive act and the lone subject that stimulates all of our senses. An designer designs infinites that foresee and observe the bodily interaction of the dweller. Harmonizing to Derrida, phenomenology is metaphysics of presence because it inadvertently relies upon the impression of an indivisible self-presence, or in the instance of Husserl, the possibility of an exact internal adequateness with oneself. In assorted texts, Derrida contests this valorisation of an undivided subjectiveness, every bit good as the primacy that such a place agreements to the ‘now ‘ , or to some other sort of temporal immediateness. For case, in Speech and Phenomena, Derrida argues that if a ‘now ‘ minute is conceived of as wash uping itself in that experience, it could non really be experienced, for there would be nil to juxtapose itself against in order to light that really ‘now ‘ . Alternatively, Derrida wants to uncover that every alleged ‘present ‘ , or ‘now ‘ point, is ever already compromised by a hint, or a residue of a old experience, that precludes us of all time being in a self-contained ‘n ow ‘ minute. Memory Whenever I distrust my memory, writes Freud in a note of 1925. I can fall back to write and paper. Pater so becomes an external portion of my memory and retains something which I would otherwise transport about with me invisibly. When I write on a sheet of paper, I am certain that I have an digesting ‘remembrance ‘ , safe from the ‘possible deformations to which it might hold been subjected in my existent memory. The disadvantage is that I can non undo my note when it is no longer needed and that the page becomes full. The composing surface is used up. Memory-autobiographical and corporate, each built-in to the other-exists as the foundation upon which significance is built. Memory affords our connexion to the universe. Every facet of experience becomes enveloped in the procedure of memory. It forms our individuality as persons and it coheres persons together to organize the individuality of societal groups. Memory is besides the yarn which links the lived-in now wi th the yesteryear and the hereafter: what I remember of my past contributes to who I am now ( at this really minute ) and in many ways affects what I will make in the hereafter. Without memory, intending edifice can non go on. [ 5 ] Memory of architecture, hence, seems to depend more on our ability to comprehend the corporal state of affairs. Furthermore those state of affairss are capable to peculiar catalytic minutes in time-those cases in which the energies of both the container and the contained become virtually identical. The timing of those minutes is uneven, poetic, and anisotropic. It would be impossible for the constitutional elements of a topographic point memory to prolong a changeless equilibrium or frequence of resonance in clip. It needs to be emphasised that retrieving is a thoroughly societal and political procedure, a kingdom of controversy and contention. The yesteryear is â€Å" invariably selected, filtered and restructured in footings set by the inquiries and necessities of the present † . Memories are selected and interpreted on the footing of culturally located cognition and this is farther â€Å" constituted and stabilised within a web of societal relationships † , consolida ted in the `common sense ‘ of the mundane. Although patterns of scratching memory on infinite are tremendously varied, there are undoubtedly inclinations to repair important significances about the yesteryear through an ensemble of patterns and engineerings which centre upon the production of specific infinites, here identified as monumental `memory-scapes ‘ , heritage territories, and museums. It is within the contingent infinites of the metropolis where passing gestures resonate, pulling our attending to the residue of the yesteryear, luring us to rediscover their temporal value. And for me at least, ruins, like palimpsests, are hints by which we discover our urban history, and the psyche of a infinite. As all historical narrations are subjectively woven Tapestries of pieced historical facts and events, new Histories frequently reveal striking disagreements in the additive conventions of antecedently inscribed histories. The purpose here is to patch together incompatible theoretical impressions, to bring forth an archeological probe, which is consistent with the theoretical and ideological attack of Aldo Rossi. The most redolent plants of Aldo Rossi are model of the procedure of constructing significance as we engage memory in our mundane experiences, believing analogically and understanding the universe tacitly by making and doing. Whether stated explicitly or non, Rossi must hold sensed the necessity to anneal his early polemics about a theory of design with a committedness to architecture of intense poesy, of non-quantifiable prowess, and an architecture conscious of its autobiographical significance. Underliing the positivist inclinations of Rossi ‘s theoretical ork is a profoundly felt fear for the power of memory, both his ain every bit good as the corporate memory of a peculiar civilization or society that is embodied in cardinal architectural types. And the force of memory permeates his full work to such an extent that it is about pathological, or cultish, or verging on nostalgia, to state the least. For Rossi, the procedure of memory analogically suggests the development and morphology of the physical signifier of the metropolis ; and a formal linguistic communication based on a typology of architecture ; and, as a affair of necessity, the repetitive, obsessional, and dynamic nature of his ain originative pattern. However, Rossi ‘s poetic was non every bit self-involved as it may seem-or, at least, it was non finally meant to turn in on itself in the creative activity of a restrictive, self-indulgent revery. He expected his compulsion with memory to interpret into his edifices in such a manner that it would inspire architecture with a new autonomy, a freedom of experience and significance similar to so many of those edifices he had discovered and cited in his early treatise, The Architecture of the City: the Palazzo della Ragione in Padua, the Roman amphitheater-turned-market square in Lucca, the bantam fishing huts along the Po River valley-buildings that, while exposing features of specific types, transcended the plan of those types by suiting a ltering activities and utilizations. By analogically associating the heterotaxy of architectural types with the procedure of memory, Rossi was favoring intending edifice with his architecture as an built-in portion of the reinforced environment, particularly as it governed the development of metropoliss. It is how Rossi engaged the profound memories of his yesteryear. It is how he anticipated people would populate with and within his edifices, seeing in those signifiers their ain memories of an architectural yesteryear, promoting them to reactivate those connexions, those relationships in his edifices. â€Å" The outgrowth of dealingss among things, more than the things themselves, ever gives rise to new significances, † wrote Rossi. Possibly, like this: Confront the reinforced form-it reminds you of other edifices and other experiences you have had before-this new edifice feels familiar and established in your apprehension of â€Å" the given † -yet, you experience this edifice as something different, it ‘s significance has changed from what you thought it should be because of the alteration in how you use the architecture- † the given † is expanded, enriched with new significance†¦ significance edifice. It is how Rossi â€Å" practiced † architecture-by working analogically from drawings to edifices to Hagiographas, detecting relationships, researching the infinite where significance happens, in between those things which can be explicitly articulated, obviously expressed. Sampling ‘to make music, people need sounds and when people ca n’t do them yourself you find them someplace else: in visual aspect there is nil more simple ‘ . ‘The sampling station is an electronic memory that is virtually infinite, which enables sounds to be stored, from a individual note to a symphonic music. This fund constitutes a kind of personal library, where plants are reduced to an anthology of chosen pieces drawn flora the huge reservoir of musical civilization. The work ceases to work as a ‘closed musical composition ‘ or a tune and becomes a amount of harmoniousnesss and pre bing sounds. The sampling station is therefore the Centre of sound memory, a Centre where all metabolisms are possible. It is an abstract topographic point where all the sounds of the universe are classified and subjected to alterations. This tool simplifies the work of the DJ, who so needs merely to physically pull strings the vinyl records in order to modify sounds, dece lerating them down, falsifying them or go throughing them into a cringle. These uses are necessary to the building of a lasting beat by the commixture of short interruptions. The re-appropriation of cognition has ever been pre sent in human activity, in different signifiers, but the coming of the sampling station has upset the pre bing metaphysical relationship between creative activity and memory. Indeed, by dependably recovering recorded pieces ready to be recombined, the memory no longer works as a accelerator. The combined consequence of the hibernating memory/recall binomial implements internal re-composition, a metamorphosis that plays on memory by default. But the sampling station, on the contrary, pushes the procedure of fiction to the surface, turning it into a witting act, like montage, therefore associating it to an aesthetic of superposition, potpourri and merger. Mentions Leatherbarrow. D, Mostafavi. M, Surface Architecture Skin+Bones ; Parallel Practieces in Fashion and Architecture, Thames A ; Hudson, London, 2007 McLuhan. M, Understanding Media ; The Extensions of Man, 2002 Bru E, New Territories New Landscapes, ACTAR, 1997 Herausgeber, Atlas of Shrinking Cities, HATJE CANTZ, 2004 Juhani. P, The eyes of the tegument ; architecture and the senses, London: Academy Editions,1996 Morphosis, Architecture and Urbanism, A+U, 1994 This quotation mark was taken from Walter Benjamin ‘s â€Å" Paris: Capital of the Nineteenth Century, † cited in Sexuality and Space, erectile dysfunction. Beatrize Colomina ( New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1992 ) 74. Matthew Goulash, 39 Micro Lectures in Proximity of Performance ( London and New York: Routledge, 2000 ) 190. Salvator Settis, frontward, Irresistable Decay: Ruins Reclaimed, by Michael S. Roth ( Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Research Institute for the History of Art and the Humanities, 1997 ) seven. William Faulkner doing intending out of the memory of architecture How to cite Study On The Industrial Abandoned Lands Architecture Essay, Essay examples

The Two Sides of Paul Baumer in All Quiet on the Western Front free essay sample

The Two Sides of Paul Baumer in All Quiet on the Western Front There are figuratively two Paul Baumer’s in All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque. Paul becomes a different person when he joins the army. Before the war, Paul went to school and wrote poetry and led the normal life of a teenager. When he enlists in the military, he remains the same person on the outside, but changes drastically on the inside. This change allows him to survive on the front but at the price of losing his innocence. Prior to the war, Paul remained an innocent little schoolboy. Paul wrote poems and short stories and loved to escape into the sheer beauty of nature. Paul lived in a time where the only people who understood how terrifying and unnatural the war was, were those who were fighting it. Paul just wanted to go along with all of his friends and joined the war thinking it would be heroic and manly. We will write a custom essay sample on The Two Sides of Paul Baumer in All Quiet on the Western Front or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Little did he know that the war would dictate how he would perceive everything. Paul quickly learns that in order to survive one must become and animal. One must revert back to their primal instincts otherwise they are no more than mincemeat. This regression into his animal instincts changes how Paul sees everything. But, underneath the uniform, he remains a child. â€Å"But when we go bathing and strip, suddenly we have slender legs again and slight shoulders. We are no longer soldiers, but little more than boys;†(29). Paul wants nothing more than to go back home and try to live a normal life. But, when he returns, he does not remember how to be a child again. He looks like a boy but has the war hardened skills and emotions of a veteran. He tries to escape into literature and nature as he used to, but he cannot. †I want that quiet rapture again. I want to feel the same powerful, nameless urge that I used to feel when I turned to my books†(171). The war completely changes Paul’s life. He simply cannot live the way he used to. When Paul goes off to war, he becomes a different person. The war literally forces him to change into an emotionless killing beast. Paul must tap into his ancient primal instincts in order to survive. We have become wild beasts. We do not fight, we defend ourselves against annihilation†(113). Paul starts to realize this when he goes back home during his leave. He comes home to much praise from the citizens who used to refer to him as Paul but now refer to him as Comrade. He can only help but think that those citizens have no clue what they are talking about. They continuously ask questions without ever truly wanting the answers. They bombard him with questions almost as painful as the bullets that could end Paul’s miserable life in the blink of an eye. And Paul cannot bear these questions. He hates the war. He hates what the war he turned him into. When Paul returns to the front, he feels as though it has become his true home. At one point in the war, Paul finds himself trapped in a shell hole with a soldier from the other army. His instincts take control and, without thinking, he stabs the man. As the man slowly dies, Paul becomes attached to him in a way. He starts to understand that he has been pitted against another man just like himself for reasons that he does not even know. Forgive me comrade; how could you be my enemy? If we threw away these rifles and this uniform you could be my brother just like Kat and Albert†(223). The war sucks Paul into an abyss of unhappiness the moment he arrives at the front. Paul hates the war with every fiber of his being and would give anything to have his old life back. The most painless moment of the war for Paul is the moment when it all finally comes to an end. Paul takes the only option he has left of escaping his misery. And that one option is death. Death puts Paul at peace with himself again. In All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarque, the war divides Paul Baumer into two completely different people. Before the war, Paul was an average teenager with high hopes and huge dreams. Paul becomes an entirely different person when he joins the army. He becomes a war hardened, emotionless, beast trapped inside the body of a young boy. Paul recognizes this change and begins to hate both himself and the war. This change allows him to stay alive in the war. But, it also forces to Paul to abandon all of his feeling and emotions. Paul would rather not live at all than live like a monster.

Essay on Considerations for a Home Death

Essay on Considerations for a Home Death Essay on Considerations for a Home Death Essay on Considerations for a Home DeathThe place and the way to die is not the most pleasant thing in the world to decide on. However, for most of us this question will be inevitable one day, and it seems to be significant to realize all pros and cons of each option.It goes without saying that dying in an accident can never be planned. Therefore, only dying because of fatal disease or from sheer old age can be organized beforehand. In fact, the opportunities of dying in medical institution are rather wide today. First of all, there is a regular supervision and the room is specially equipped to make your last days easier. Medical staff takes care of patients, while family members are not always ready to provide all the necessary assistance (Stenekes and Streeter). They may be busy at work or lack tolerance, or only one caregiver is available at home.However, it is not surprising that more than half of patients would prefer to die at home, in their familiar and comfortable surrounding s. What is more, 40 percent of patients who die at hospitals have no medical indications for that (Mooney). Despite all rational evidence, it is not difficult to understand those who do not want to die at hospital. Although qualified medical care is round-the-clock available there, it is more natural to spend your last days among your family, among your favorite things and people. Hardly anyone will enjoy the perspective to let the medical equipment and nurses be the last thing to see in this life. Even if you know that your life is almost over, it is better not to focus on the end, but to enjoy the days as much as possible. And if there is a way to distract you from imminent death, we’d better try it.

How to effectively explain why you have gaps on your resume

How to effectively explain why you have gaps on your resume Job gaps happen, because life happens. Maybe you’ve gotten laid off (or even fired). Maybe you took some time off from working to attend to personal matters, like a health issue, or caring for a child or family member. Our careers aren’t always constant, linear paths. But unfairly or not, having gaps can put you at a disadvantage against other candidates that have been working constantly in the field, picking up steady experience and a continuous progression through the ranks. Let’s explore how to maximize your resume to show that you’re just as qualified, gaps and all.Consider whether you should mention it at all.If the gap happened in the past, and you’re currently (or recently) employed, then you don’t need to talk about your gap at all unless asked. Don’t jump the gun just because you’re anxious about it- your interviewer might not even bring it up!Be honest†¦Sure, a few fake dates may go unnoticed by the resume reader. But they might not. And if your hiring process involves a background check, or you get tripped up when talking about your experience in person at a job interview, it’s going to be an embarrassing (and likely costly) mistake. If you’ve been out of the workforce for two years, acknowledge that fact, potentially in your cover letter, always emphasizing that you’re ready to jump back in.If an interviewer asks you why you left your last job (which is a while ago) and you happen to have lost your job, it’s okay to admit that. People get the downsizing factor- it happens to most people at some point. But again: emphasize that your skills and experience have grown and that you’re excited about this new opportunity.†¦but finesse dates if you have to.Instead of using specific months of employment, go with the year. You won’t be able to hide a gap of a year or more that way, but if you’ve been out of the game for more than a few months but less than a year, it can be easier to obscure that to the reader.Be careful of the kind of information you reveal about your gap.This applies especially if you took time off to have a kid or had a medical issue in the past. Interviewers aren’t allowed to discriminate against you on the basis of family status or physical disability, which means they can’t ask you about those things. If you go ahead and mention them yourself, though, then you’ve opened that door. So, it’s important to tread carefully. Instead of saying, â€Å"I took some time off to treat my clinical depression,† say something vague like, â€Å"I took time off for a family health issue, but now that things are better I’m so ready to put my store manager hat back on.†Tweak your resume format.Not every resume has to have the traditional job experience + skills + education format, with your work experience moving backwards chronologically. If you’re trying to set a narrative for your resume around a gap in employment, put your skills up front, taking care to spotlight ones that directly relate to the job at hand. The hiring manager needs to know, first and foremost, that you’re a good fit for the job. So you can make that connection easier if you show that you have the skills.If you have a fairly long work history, in the experience section you can emphasize only the most relevant jobs (â€Å"Relevant Work Experience), omitting ones that are way back or just not very applicable to this new job. That way, you’re not setting the expectation that every bit of your work experience is listed on the resume.Look for other kinds of experience to highlight.Maybe you volunteered while you were out of work. Maybe you took classes in coding that bumped your skills up to the next level. Look outside the usual job experience bullet points to show that you may have a gap, but you haven’t been totally out of it. Anything you can use to show that you’ve been building in the meantime will help you make the case that you’re ready to seize this new opportunity.So if you have a gap on your resume, don’t despair. It can feel intimidating to know you’re up against people who don’t have the same issue, but always remember that you’ve got great experience and skills. It’s all about showing how you plan to use those to overcome whatever challenges have come your way.

The problem of gangs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The problem of gangs - Essay Example This is made up of majority legal and illegal immigrant youth and includes those born in the U.S. by legal and illegal immigrant parents. The Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement data shows that 75% of those arrested are from Mexico and El Salvador from gangs such as 18th Street Gang and Mara Salvatrucha or MS-13 known to have massive illegal immigrant members. In an article released by the National Immigration Law Center it clarified that under New York law as decided by the Board of Immigration Appeals, a youthful offender’s adjudication is not equivalent to a conviction in relation to the Immigration and Nationality Act. This was decided on the â€Å"Matter of Devison-Charles,† given a permanent resident status in the United States in April 1996 who was a citizen of the Dominican Republic. Back in 1992, he was involved in attempted possession of a controlled substance where he was adjudicated as a youth offender. The ruling affirms that conviction under the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 does not apply to juvenile offenders.The liberal policy of a number of states granted to juvenile offenders in view of their immigration status sometimes become an area of abuse wherein states like Florida through its Florida Department of Juvenile Justice increased efforts to impose background checks to ensure those that come into the agency are actually within the age limit. The State Senator was able to get an appropriation for additional funding for such purposes as identifying illegal juvenile immigrants.

Social Forces Shaping Curriculum Planning Assignment

Social Forces Shaping Curriculum Planning - Assignment Example Educational institutions are supposed to there to nurture children of academic excellence as well as mould them to become highly motivated persons of good characters. The world demands that education should be fitted to transform every learner to become leaders and credible of human resource imbued with multi-disciplinary skills and deep understanding of moral values and traditions. The educational curriculum should therefore be designed by improving the universal values and traditions that are consistent to the quest for global peace and human solidary so that they, at an early age, can make or decided with moral choices and will grow to become conflict resolution managers in their respective fields and communities. There is also such need for educational institutions, to be sensitive to the children whose senses of values are gained from irresponsible parents and those whose limited access to education is also compounded with poor value system within the households. Added to these are social realities and forces that have strong influence in the advancement of educative process. Based on reports, the state has decreased the budget of $548 million for 40 states; the pre-K funding per child decreased in an unprecedented by $442 compared to $3,841 last year due to fiscal adjustments; only 15 states are able to maintain quality education; and there are more than 1.3 million learners that are covered under state-funded educational institutions. There is an apparent increase of enrolment too by 10,000 and thus an increase of learners that should be served. Hence, an expected stagnation and resource allocation problem is expected in state-supported institutions, including possible inability of the academe to meet its targeted benchmarks. But the educational institution, no matter how challenged, is always a product of social and economic life, legislative actions and policies, and even of contextual issues including the advancement of technology or the racial tensio ns. All of these are social forces influencing the educational system. But as these social forces are supposed to transcend beyond the sad condition of the educational system and to rise above the circumstances that influence learners’ knowledge acquisition, the education stakeholders should superimpose that curriculum for them to excel from such causality. The curriculum that must be developed should only be responsive to the needs of the corporate world but must also equipped them of knowledge and the universal values that are consistent to the dream of having a national resources that are brilliant, critical, skilled, resilient, culturally-aware, and responsive of sustaining a multicultural identity. As such, the curriculum must emphasize value formation aside from the usual academic courses on science, math, language, and communication. Value-based education uphold that philosophy on valuing self, people, and its environment by exploring all the ethical and moral theories that could be the foundation to improve the moral fiber of a child (Hawkes, 2013). Theories on human behaviours that could assist the young to learn what is right from wrong; moral and immoral; and to make them accountable in their life’s choices and the consequences thereof (Hawkes, 2013). Through this, they will be encouraged find leaders

The ‘War on Terrorism’ v Civil Liberties

The ‘War on Terrorism’ v Civil Liberties Abstract The security of the State is of paramount importance to the integrity and wellbeing of a nation and to citizens whose rights and freedoms are protected by the security of the State. However, the rights of citizens may be affected by such powers and there exists the possibility for governments to disappear behind the doctrine of national security with the intention of preventing scrutiny of executive action. This raises two constitutional questions: the extent to which arrangements secure some form of balance between the competing needs of State Security and protection of the individual, and; the way in which, and the degree to which, the government is held accountable for powers exercised in the name of State Security, either through supervision of the courts or through the democratic process (Barnett, 2000). The focus of this essay is to analyse what this writer perceives as the central problem we are faced with: how to deal with the fact that as a society we cling tightly to our rights and freedoms whilst expecting to enjoy everyday life without fear of terrorist attacks. From the point of view of our government and police force, the law at present is not tight enough to deal with terrorism. How do we deal with this whilst retaining a democratic society? Is security worth having if the price is unacceptable restrictions on our hard-won freedoms? More specifically, this essay proposes to closely scrutinize the government’s proposals in order to draw informed conclusions about the perceived challenges to democracy and shed light on these before, as many fear, we find ourselves led like sheep into a dark place. Can we preserve judicial scrutiny of the restrictions on our freedoms whilst trying to forestall the types of terrorist activity the world has witnessed? To conclude this section, the final word of this controversy should perhaps be left to Mrs. Thatcher: when we talk of liberties, freedoms and rights, whose are we talking about? To answer that charge, perhaps I can refer to a letter I received from the mother of a young serviceman who was murdered by the IRA. She said and I quote: ‘Where is the freedom of the press? I hear them cry. Where is my son’s freedom? (Ewing Gearty, 1990) This writer agrees with the view expressed above and, whilst there are certain civil liberties and rights which are non-negotiable, others require compromise. It is necessary to debate the way in which these are safeguarded and secured. Introduction This section will provide a brief history of anti-terror legislation, in the United Kingdom. It will then outline the main terms of the debate. Northern Ireland- The ‘Troubles’ The Birmingham bombings in 1974 which were believed to have been carried out by the Irish Republican Army, leaving sixteen people dead and many more injured, prompted the passage of the Prevention on Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1974, and successive Acts including: the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989, the Prevention of Terrorism (additional Powers) Act 1996, the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1996 and the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions Act) 1998 (Bell, 1979). Space does not permit more than a brief overview of the rich and troubled history of Northern Ireland, but it is significant in that it sparked the enactment of the first Terrorism laws. In 1968, a campaign of civil disobedience and unrest began in Ireland. The reasons for the violence concerned the discrimination which existed against Catholics and the continued union with the mainland (Disturbances in Northern Ireland, 1969). In 1969, British troops were deployed to support the police in matters which had become subject to military control; in 1970, the Provisional Sinn Fein Party was formed and, in 1971, the Reverend Ian Paisley founded the Democratic Unionist Party. Those suspected of being Irish Republican Terrorists became bound by the Civil Authorities Special Powers Act (Northern Ireland) 1922. In January 1972, thirteen Catholic civilians were shot dead by British paratroopers during a banned civil march, known as ‘Bloody Sunday,’ and by 1974, 472 deaths had taken place by Protestant murderers and the IRA. Allegations of ill treatment of detainees led to proceedings against the United Kingdom by the Republic of Ireland government under the Europe an Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter ECHR). It was ruled that the procedures amounted to inhumane and degrading treatment contrary to Article 3. Reforms were initiated in an attempt to improve relations between the Catholic community and the Unionist by the Northern Ireland Parliament. However, The Northern Ireland Parliament became prorogued and its powers transferred to a Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. It was confirmed here that there was a need for detention without trial and special courts were introduced, to sit without the jury. These became known as the ‘Diplock courts’ (Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973). In 1973, a new system of power sharing between the Northern Ireland Assembly and the Westminster Parliament was initiated (Northern Ireland Constitutional Proposals, 1973). The Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 provided a statutory guarantee that Northern Ireland should remain part of the United Kingdom until the time at which a majority of the people, voting in a referendum, should determine otherwise. In a referendum held in 1973 on the question of the union with the Unite d Kingdom, a majority voted in favour of the continuation of the union. The breakdown of the system resulted in the Northern Ireland Act 1974, which resulted in the restoration of the direct rule by Westminster over Northern Ireland. The legislation also attempted to prevent the discrimination which existed in the fields of housing and employment, but this was to little affect (Chambers, 1987). Throughout the 1970s and 1980s a civil war existed (Gearty, 1991). From 1971 to 1977 an average of 252 persons were killed and 3,269 shootings occurred each year. Between 1978- 81, the averages fell respectively, to 82 and 2,574 (Dickson, 1993). A Constitutional Convention was elected, under the Northern Ireland Act 1974, in an attempt to devolve power to the province. This attempt failed as the Unionist insisted that they hold a majority of the new assembly. A new assembly, designed to be a debating and deliberative forum, was provided for, but dissolved in 1986. The Republic of Ireland Act and the Anglo-Irish Agreement, signed by the Ministers of the United Kingdom was the result of the New Ireland Forum, in 1983. This agreement supported the principle that no constitutional change concerning the relationship between the north and south could come about other than with the consent of the majority of people in Northern Ireland. In the absence of this consent, it was agreed that clos er co-operation in security, economic, social and cultural matters, as well as, the promotion between the two parts of Ireland would be called for, with the help of an Inter-governmental Conference, consisting of representatives from both the north and south. This was to be reviewed after three years, with the sovereignty over Northern Ireland remaining with the United Kingdom. However, in an application for judicial review it was claimed that the Agreement would fetter the powers and duties of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. The application was dismissed. In 1993, a Joint Declaration was signed between the British and Irish governments. The Declaration indicated that the British government had ‘no selfish strategic or economic interest’ in Northern Ireland, giving effect to the neutrality of the government’s position. In 1994, the IRA announced ceasefire and, in response, the government announced that the ban on live sound broadcasts by members of Sinn Fein should be lifted. This ceasefire provided some realignment of judicial practice in support of the language of civil liberties. Gearty notes that, ‘for the first time,’ decisions such as DPP v Jones and Redmond-Bates v DPP showed a ‘judicial branch sensitive to the underlying importance of the exercise of civil liberties, in the context of association and assembly in the first case and assembly and expression in the second’ (Gearty, 2003). However, in 1996 the IRA bombed Canary Wharf in London, ending the ceasefire. At the end of the sam e year, the British government announced terms for including Sinn Fein in all discussions in order to reach a settlement. All of these demands were nevertheless rejected by Gerry Adams, President of Sinn Fein. 1997 resulted in the election of the labour government. Following a renewal of ceasefire by the IRA, and Sinn Fein’s rejection of the use of force, peace talks commenced between all parties. On Good Friday, 10 April 1998, agreement was finally reached. The agreement concerned the principles that: Northern Ireland would remain part of the United Kingdom, with the Republic of Ireland agreeing to amend its constitution to remove the claim to Northern Ireland; a Northern Ireland Assembly of 108 members was to be elected under a system of proportional representation; a North-South ministerial council was to be established by the Assembly in order to coordinate relations between Ireland and Ulster; a Council of the Isles was to be established, and; all participants expressed the commitment to the disarmament of parliamentary organisations, which was a condition for the devolution of power. Referendums were held in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The 1998 elections for the membership of the Northern Ireland Assembly produced an Assembly with power shared by four main political parties and five minority parties. In 1999, the devolution of power was complete, and the Assembly elected, and a power sharing executive in its place. When the IRA refused to cooperate, the Assembly was suspended and the power was returned to Westminster, under the Northern Ireland Act 2000. The Terrorism Act 2000 The Terrorism Act 2000 reformed and extended all previous legislation. The Act repealed the earlier Acts and placed the law on a permanent basis, no longer subject to the restriction of an annual renewal by Parliament. In relation to Northern Ireland, it was hoped that following the peace settlement, special provision would no longer be required. However, due to the problems implementing full devolution to Northern Ireland, special provisions were included in Part VII of the Act which are limited to five years. Under the Terrorism Act 2000, a wider definition was adopted which was intended not only to cover terrorism for political ends, as in the case of Northern Ireland, but also terrorism undertaken for religious and ideological motivations (Barnet, 2000). The Act covers the proscription of terrorist groups throughout the United Kingdom, the appeals process by which such an order may be challenged, offences relating to terrorist property, and police counter-terrorist powers. The Anti- Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 It was the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 which represented a new dimension of terrorist attack, with suicide bombers striking without warning and their motivation of causing mass casualties. In the heightened response to threat of terrorist attacks, in December 2001, Parliament passed the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act (hereinafter ATCSA). The Act incorporates measures designed to increase the effectiveness of authorities in combating those directly involved, and those supporting terrorism. Its main provisions will now be briefly discussed: the ATCSA allows the police authority to freeze assets of terrorist organisations and individuals when they pose a threat to the United Kingdom or its nationals; it permits disclosure of information to security and intelligence agencies, thus improving access to information; it includes a range of provisions, including the power to detain an aircraft for security reasons and the stopping and searching of passengers, as well as the regulation of laboratories of diseases and noxious substances, and; an increase in the range of police powers to photograph, search and examine to establish identity. However, perhaps the most notable introduction is the detainment of suspects without trial, in the basis that they cannot be deported to another country without breaching our human rights legislation, for example, if they might be subjected to torture. The Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 In the wake of the bombings which caused death and destruction, on the 7th of July 2005, there was bound to be a danger, that in response, the government would rush out ill-considered measures. It appears, at first sight, to be exactly what has happened. Speaking on the day of the bombings, Prime Minister Tony Blair stated: It is important †¦that those engaged in terrorism realize that our determination to defend our values and our ways of life is greater than their determination to cause death and destruction to innocent people†¦Whatever they do it is our determination that they will never succeed in destroying what we hold dear in this country and other civilized nations throughout the world (Fox News, 2005). Most would passionately agree with what we understand the government to mean here: That it must not hand the terrorists a victory by taking away long held liberties and principles of justice. Why then does Liberty, these few months later, have fundamental concerns about aspects of the new draft Terrorism Bill? Among other measures, the government wants to increase the time police can hold suspects without charge from two weeks to three months, send deportees to countries known to practise torture and introduce a new offence of ‘justifying or glorifying terrorism’. The new anti-terrorism legislation comes with Tony Blair stating the existence of ‘absolutely compelling’ justifications for the crackdown, despite the potential implications for both human rights and civil liberties (Fox News, 2005). To many, however, no justification exists for proposals which demonstrate a willingness on behalf of the government to tamper with the Human Rights Act 1998 (hereinaf ter HRA) which could jeopardize Britain’s adoption of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter ECHR), as well as dangerously undermine centuries of democratic tradition. Contemporary debate on this issue thus centres around the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005, which came into force on 11 March 2005. In brief, the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 gives the Home Secretary power to make Control Orders in respect of suspected terrorists, whether they are British or foreign nationals. The Control Orders include a range of possible conditions including bans on mobile phones, restrictions on associations with named individuals, and the use of tagging. On the Human Rights website, it is noted that since the government removed the detention provisions of the ATCA and replaced them with Control Orders under the 2005 Act, it is ‘once again fully complaint with its international obligations under Article 5.’ Nevertheless, the new Act has been condemned by Liberty for contravening our basic rights to freedom and liberty; saying that ‘to allow their erosion, and to give in to intolerance, would give victory to the terrorists.’ There are new measures calling for the criminalisation of speech; these vague definitions of prohibited speech raise serious concerns that the measure is overbroad and the punishment without trial provision lives on. The new Act contains the substance of which there are negative implications on our human rights. Setting the Terms of the Debate Compelling objections to several of the proposals made are not based solely on the fact that they intrude upon the human rights of every single resident and citizen of this country, but that these measures would have done nothing to stop the attack on London’s transport network on the 7th or to prevent future attacks. It is not hard to share the view that the first and best test of any legislation must remain whether or not it will work, but it is suggested alongside Martin Kettle of ‘The Guardian’(November, 2005), that whether a Bill is right in every respect can be disputed. This is crucial on a very important conceptual level which relates to the way in which debates on terrorism law are usually conducted: If one takes the view that security considerations must always triumph over those of civil liberty, anything justified by security is acceptable. If, however, one takes the converse view that no restriction of civil liberty is ever acceptable, then every such argument made on behalf of security is an attempt to betray the identity of the democratic state. The work of the European Community, the United States Supreme Court, judges elsewhere, and the United Kingdom’s human rights history to date, reveal that the enactment of a Bill of Rights can be a powerful legal and political weapon in the hands of those who are in danger of having their rights infringed. In this way, the incorporation of the Human Rights Act 1998 (hereinafter HRA), will only be as extensive as the rights which they identify and protect, as powerful as those who draft them, and as commanding as the judges who enforce them and wish to be bound by them. How will international terrorism influence Parliament’s commitment to human rights? Rights will inevitably conflict, and the limits of each will have to be established by political and legal decision. The dilemma is not new, with democratic governments in the past having to strike a balance between the state and individuals: Abraham Lincoln suspended the rights of the habeas corpus in the 19th Century civil war for example (Home Office, 2004). Although Article 5 of European Convention on Human Rights will nowadays provide more protection against unlawful detention than the habeas corpus, this has also been derogated from in light of the Terrorism Acts. Furthermore, under ‘Operation Kratos,’ an innocent man believed to be a terrorist, was shot dead by police. The basic principle is that if the police deem the lives of the public to be in jeopardy, their shooting to cause death, regardless of whether the person is in fact a terrorist, is justified (July 23, 2005). I s it right that the innocent should be deprived of their human rights, and in this case killed, due to mere suspicion? By contrast, it is worthwhile to recount Operation Flavius (Kitchin, 1989). The murders of three IRA members came before the Court of Human Rights, and in reaching its decision, the Court considered Article 2 of the Convention (McCann, Farrell and Savage v United Kingdom, 1995). The British forces killed these three terrorists in Gibraltar, as they had believed that a terrorist attack was imminent. The Court ruled that the deprivation of life under Article 2 was justified only where ‘absolutely necessary,’ and that, accordingly, the use of force was greater than absolutely necessary in defence of persons from unlawful violence within the meaning of Article 2. Where is the line attributing to ‘absolutely necessary,’ to be drawn, and what stage are we to be deprived of our human rights? How will the new legislation affect this? Chapter 2 This chapter introduces the concepts of the rule of law, civil liberties, human rights and autonomy, analysing the changing approach to these in light of our multi-level constitution. Before proceeding, it is necessary to briefly explain the concept of the United Kingdom’s constitution. In lay terms, a constitution is a set of rules which governs an organisation. The characteristics of the United Kingdom’s constitution in summary are that: it is largely unwritten in character; it is flexible in nature; it is supreme; it is unitary in structure, although there is a degree of devolution; it exhibits mainly but not completely separated powers, and; it is monarchical. In discussing terrorism and the powers of our constitution, we are referring to the concept of constitutionalism. The doctrine suggest that: the exercise of power be within legal limits conferred by Parliament on those with power and that those who exercise power are accountable by law; the exercise of power must conform to the respect for the individual and the individual citizen’s rights; the powers conferred on institutions within a State must be dispersed between the various inst itutions so as to avoid abuse of power, and; the government, in formulating policy, and the legislature, in legitimating that policy, are accountable to the electorate on whose trust the power is held. It is against these conceptual and practical requirements that the constitution of the United Kingdom should be examined. The Basic Values: Rule of Law; Civil Liberties, Human Rights, Autonomy The rule of law represents one of the most challenging concepts of the constitution. There are many rich and varied interpretations which have been given to it, and it is important to recognise that the rule of law ensures limited governmental power and the protection of individual rights and freedoms. Dicey’s view on the rule of law, although ‘not capable of precise definition,’ by his own admission, is as follows: ‘It is an attitude, an expression of liberal and democratic principles, in themselves vague when it is sought to analyse them, but clear enough in their results’ (Dicey, 1959). The spirit of the rule of law is thus the sovereignty or supremacy of law over man: irrespective of rank and status, it is prescriptive, dictating the conduct required by the law, and; protective of its citizens. It is inexplicitly linked with Western democratic liberalism (Neumann, 1986). However, the acceptance of the rule of law is not universally accepted: from a Marxist perspective, the law conceals the injustices of a capitalist system and so denotes a false idealisation of the law, and from the socialist perspective, liberalism pays too much regard to equality and protection of property interests (Lustgarten, 1988.) Despite of such criticisms, and there are many, even within the Western liberal tradition, the rule of law retains a hold on political and legal perspective: it displays ‘enduring importance as a central artefact in our legal and political culture’ (Raz, 1977). In its simplest and general meaning, liberty involves non-interference by others with one’s freedom of choice and action. It supports personal autonomy, where the person displays a degree of reflectiveness, self-awareness, and social awareness which allows him or her to form plans and understand their impact on everyone in the immediate social group (Feldman, 2002). However, Dworkin warns that this is only one of many personal and social aptitudes, and is not determinative of a person’s self respect (Dworkin, 1988). Recognising and protecting someone’s right or liberty, and tolerating their exercise of it, involves a potential cost to other individuals and to the public generally. Seeing individual choices of goods as the highest human good, and the priority of liberty over other values, are therefore highly controversial ideas. Socialist and communitarian theorists have challenged any political theory which places the individual and his or her choices somehow ou tside society. Rather, it is said that, people’s values and choices are shaped by the public good, and liberty is possible only if nurtured by society (Mulhall Swift 1996). For this reason the term ‘human rights,’ in this essay, shall refer to those rights which have been enshrined in human rights treaties to all those within a state’s jurisdiction. The analysis of what it is to be the bearer of a right is problematic in the case of terrorism where, by definition, intrusion with the freedoms of those inciting terrorism, is defective in the very characteristics that are highlighted by the autonomy theory. The regulation of matters relating to state security is therefore at risk of state interference that applies to few other human groups. The state many not need to differentiate systematically between these groups, as the traditional approach in the United Kingdom has been to treat liberty as an undifferentiated whole, so that Parliament has a very wide discretion to decide how to balance liberties against each other or against public interests (Feldman, 2002). However differentiated, at first sight the intrusion of liberties is in effect discriminatory and therefore contrary to Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights, as it permits the deprivation of liberty, and thus autonomy, on grounds that do not apply to other persons. The most general rhetoric of human rights reinforces this element this uncertainty. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, begins with the assertion that ‘all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.’ This could be taken to suggest that, in the area of human rights at least, those inciting terrorism have the same status as everyone else. However, the Declaration then goes on to state that ‘they (all human beings) are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood,’ thereby implicitly introducing an element of uncertainty about the status of those who lack the intellectual and moral reasoning ability upon which the assertion of ‘brotherhood’ is said to be founded (Hart, 1972). Indeed, the Declaration seems to harbour the basis for depriving those inciting terrorism of fundamental rights; it is often assumed in practice that those who cannot be reasoned with, and those whose deranged minds, render them incapable of making sensible decisions for themselves, and those whose irrational conduct, uninhibited by natural moral inhibitions, makes them threatening to others, must be controlled, segregated and remove d from ordinary social relations, if necessary against their express and vehement protests (Campbell, 1986). Therefore, a state which ‘arbitrary kills, imprisons or tortures its citizens so chills the political atmosphere that it cannot be described as democratic, regardless of how free speech formally is or how regularly secret votes are polled: freedom cannot be constructed on such authoritarian foundations’ (Gearty, 2003). Certainly, the word ‘civil,’ from civil liberties, is taken to refer to the way in which liberty contributes to the relationship between the individual and the state in civil society. Mrs Thatcher said the following about her conservative government’s legislative stance on the question of terrorism, which coincides with this argument, in 1988: Yes, some of those measures do restrict freedom. But those who choose to live by the bomb and gun, and those who support them, can’t in all circumstances be accorded exactly the same rights as everyone else. We do sometimes have to sacrifice a little of the freedom we cherish in order to defend ourselves from those who aim to destroy that freedom altogether- and that is a decision we should not be afraid to take. Because in the battle against terrorism we shall never give in. The only victory will be our victory; the victory of democracy and a free society. (Ewing Gearty, 1990) An opposing view is uttered by Robert Nozick. Nozick describes Mrs. Thatcher’s stance as a ‘minimal state,’ providing security from internal and external threats, but performing no other functions (Nozick, 1980). This view sees the conservative governments approach as exhibiting what is described as ‘negative liberties:’ freedoms from harm, rather than rights to goods (Berlin, 1980). This view sees the state as having no responsibility to take positive steps to ensure that people are able to take advantage of liberties, but only to prevent others from interfering with their liberties (Feldman, 2002). Therefore, the only illegitimate interference with autonomy concerns what other people do to you (Paul, 1982). The conservative government’s stance seems to be mirrored with the present governing by Labour. If Nozick is right to criticise such a perspective, how can a replacement be affective against terrorism? What would the alternative involve? Protecting Rights Liberty: What is Necessary in a Democratic Society? Thus it follows that in developed societies: persons inciting terrorism are lawfully excluded from human society and denied autonomy in terms of their personal liberty, self-determination and self-expression. This is licensed by the European Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter ECHR) which states in Article 5(1): Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law †¦ the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or when is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having done so. The essence of liberty, and terrorism fuelled due to religious reasons, is also contained in Article 9 ECHR: 1. Everyone has the rights to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance. 2. Freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public order, health and morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. However, Article 14 warns: The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status. Article 14 does not provide a right to non-discrimination per se but, rather, a right not to be discriminated against in relation to the other rights and freedoms protected by the Convention. Therefore, Article 14 enjoys no independent existence; it is tied to other Articles in the Convention (X v Federal Republic of Germany 1970). In assessing what is ‘necessary in a democratic society,’ the Court will operate according to the ‘rich’ model of democracy, rather than the majority rule (Feldman, 2002). By virtue of the decided case, Handyside v United Kingdom (1976), this means that in honouring the Convention rights, minorities must be protected against unfair treatment and abuse by the majority. This means that any interference with a right must be justifiable on the basis of: a response to a pressing need to act for that purpose, and; a proportionate response to that purpose (The Spycatcher cases). The definition of proportionality relates to balancing the seriousness of the threat to the interests which are protected within the purposes for which it is legitimate to interfere with that right (McBride, 1999). The margin of appreciation offers a way of arbitrating between claims to state sovereignty in international institutions and the need to universalise human rights standards under international law. These concepts will be discussed more extensively in the latter part of this essay. The conclusion thus far is that those inciting terrorism are inevitably associated with some deprivation of rights. The law which protects state security is nevertheless viewed with suspicion by democrats and civil libertarians, as the threat to state security can be asserted by those in power to justify restricting freedoms to protect the interests of the governing party, rather than the public (Feldman, 2002). Moreover, governmental demands for security will provoke scepticism.<

Answer to Chapter

Chapter 5 – Mankiw SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS: Quick Quizzes 1. The price elasticity of demand is a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. When demand is inelastic (a price elasticity less than 1), a price increase raises total revenue, and a price decrease reduces total revenue. When demand is elastic (a price elasticity greater than 1), a price increase reduces total revenue, and a price decrease increases total revenue.When demand is unit elastic (a price elasticity equal to 1), a change in price does not affect total revenue. 2. The price elasticity of supply is a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price. The price elasticity of supply might be different in the lo ng run than in the short run because over short periods of time, firms cannot easily change the sizes of their factories to make more or less of a good.Thus, in the short run, the quantity supplied is not very responsive to the price. However, over longer periods, firms can build new factories, expand existing factories, close old factories, or they can enter or exit a market. So, in the long run, the quantity supplied can respond substantially to a change in price. 3. A drought that destroys half of all farm crops could be good for farmers (at least those unaffected by the drought) if the demand for the crops is inelastic.The shift to the left of the supply curve leads to a price increase that will raise total revenue if the price elasticity of demand is less than 1. No one farmer would have an incentive to destroy his crops in the absence of a drought because he takes the market price as given. Only if all farmers destroyed a portion of their crops together, for example through a government program, would this plan work to make farmers better off. Questions for Review 1. The price elasticity of demand measures how much quantity demanded responds to a change in price.The income elasticity of demand measures how much quantity demanded responds to changes in consumer income. 2. The determinants of the price elasticity of demand include how available close substitutes are, whether the good is a necessity or a luxury, how broadly defined the market is, and the time horizon. Luxury goods have greater price elasticities than necessities, goods with close substitutes have greater elasticities, goods in more narrowly defined markets have greater elasticities, and the elasticity of demand is greater the longer the time horizon. . The main advantage of using the mid-point formula is that it uses a constant base whether the change in price or quantity demanded is an increase or a decrease. 87 88 Chapter 5/Elasticity and Its Application 4. An elasticity greater than one means that demand is elastic. When the elasticity is greater than one, the percentage change in quantity demanded exceeds the percentage change in price. When the elasticity equals zero, demand is perfectly inelastic. There is no change in quantity demanded when there is a change in price. 5.Figure 1 presents a supply-and-demand diagram, showing the equilibrium price, the equilibrium quantity, and the total revenue received by producers. Total revenue equals the equilibrium price times the equilibrium quantity, which is the area of the rectangle shown in the figure. Figure 1 6. If demand is elastic, an increase in price reduces total revenue. With elastic demand, the quantity demanded falls by a greater percentage than the price rises. As a result, total revenue declines. 7. A good with income elasticity less than zero is called an inferior good because as income rises, the quantity demanded declines. . The price elasticity of supply is calculated as the percentage change in quantit y supplied divided by the percentage change in price. It measures how much quantity supplied responds to changes in price. 9. The price elasticity of supply of Picasso paintings is zero, because no matter how high price rises, no more can ever be produced. 10. The price elasticity of supply is usually larger in the long run than it is in the short run. Over short periods of time, firms cannot easily change the sizes of their factories to make more or less of a good, so the quantity supplied is not very responsive to price.Over longer periods, firms can build new factories or close old ones, so the quantity supplied is more responsive to price. 11. Because the demand for drugs is likely to be inelastic, an increase in price will lead to a rise in total expenditure. Therefore, drug users may resort to theft or burglary to support their habits. Chapter 5/Elasticity and Its Application Problems and Applications 89 1. a. Mystery novels have more elastic demand than required textbooks, be cause mystery novels have close substitutes and are a luxury good, while required textbooks are a necessity with no close substitutes.If the price of mystery novels were to rise, readers could substitute other types of novels, or buy fewer novels altogether. But if the price of required textbooks were to rise, students would have little choice but to pay the higher price. Thus, the quantity demanded of required textbooks is less responsive to price than the quantity demanded of mystery novels. b. Beethoven recordings have more elastic demand than classical music recordings in general. Beethoven recordings are a narrower market than classical music recordings, so it is easy to find close substitutes for them.If the price of Beethoven recordings were to rise, people could substitute other classical recordings, like Mozart. But if the price of all classical recordings were to rise, substitution would be more difficult. (A transition from classical music to rap is unlikely! ) Thus, the quantity demanded of classical recordings is less responsive to price than the quantity demanded of Beethoven recordings. c. Subway rides during the next five years have more elastic demand than subway rides during the next six months. Goods have a more elastic demand over longer time horizons.If the fare for a subway ride was to rise temporarily, consumers could not switch to other forms of transportation without great expense or great inconvenience. But if the fare for a subway ride was to remain high for a long time, people would gradually switch to alternative forms of transportation. As a result, the quantity demanded of subway rides during the next six months will be less responsive to changes in the price than the quantity demanded of subway rides during the next five years. d. Root beer has more elastic demand than water.Root beer is a luxury with close substitutes, while water is a necessity with no close substitutes. If the price of water were to rise, consumers have littl e choice but to pay the higher price. But if the price of root beer were to rise, consumers could easily switch to other sodas. So the quantity demanded of root beer is more responsive to changes in price than the quantity demanded of water. 2. a. For business travelers, the price elasticity of demand when the price of tickets rises from $200 to $250 is [(2,000 – 1,900)/1,950]/[(250 – 200)/225] = 0. 05/0. 22 = 0. 23.For vacationers, the price elasticity of demand when the price of tickets rises from $200 to $250 is [(800 – 600)/700] / [(250 – 200)/225] = 0. 29/0. 22 = 1. 32. b. The price elasticity of demand for vacationers is higher than the elasticity for business travelers because vacationers can choose more easily a different mode of transportation (like driving or taking the train). Business travelers are less likely to do so because time is more important to them and their schedules are less adaptable. 3. a. The percentage change in price is equal t o (2. 20 – 1. 00)/2. 00 = 0. = 20%. If the price elasticity of demand is 0. 2, quantity demanded will fall by 4% in the short run [0. 20 ? 0. 20]. If the price elasticity of demand is 0. 7, quantity demanded will fall by 14% in the long run [0. 7 ? 0. 2]. b. Over time, consumers can make adjustments to their homes by purchasing alternative heat sources such as natural gas or electric furnaces. Thus, they can respond more easily to the change in the price of heating oil in the long run than in the short run. 90 Chapter 5/Elasticity and Its Application 4. If quantity demanded fell, price must have risen.If total revenue rose, then the percentage increase in the price must be greater than the percentage decline in quantity demanded. Therefore, demand is inelastic. 5. Both Billy and Valerie may be correct. If demand increases, but supply is â€Å"totally† inelastic, equilibrium price will rise but the equilibrium quantity will remain the same. This would also occur if supp ly decreases and demand is â€Å"totally† inelastic. Marian is incorrect. If supply and demand both rise, equilibrium quantity will increase, but the impact on equilibrium price is indeterminate. 6. a. If our income is $10,000, your price elasticity of demand as the price of compact discs rises from $8 to $10 is [(40 – 32)/36]/[(10 – 8)/9] =0. 22/0. 22 = 1. If your income is $12,000, the elasticity is [(50 – 45)/47. 5]/[(10 – 8)/9] = 0. 11/0. 22 = 0. 5. b. If the price is $12, your income elasticity of demand as your income increases from $10,000 to $12,000 is [(30 – 24)/27]/[(12,000 – 10,000)/11,000] = 0. 22/0. 18 = 1. 22. If the price is $16, your income elasticity of demand as your income increases from $10,000 to $12,000 is [(12 – 8)/10]/[(12,000 – 10,000)/11,000] = 0. 40/0. 18 = 2. 2. 7.Yes, an increase in income would decrease the demand for good X because the income elasticity is less than zero, indicating that go od X is an inferior good. A decrease in the price of good Y will decrease the demand for good X because the two goods are substitutes (as indicated by a cross-price elasticity that is greater than zero). 8. a. If Maria always spends one-third of her income on clothing, then her income elasticity of demand is one, because maintaining her clothing expenditures as a constant fraction of her income means the percentage change in her quantity of clothing must equal her percentage change in income. . Maria's price elasticity of clothing demand is also one, because every percentage point increase in the price of clothing would lead her to reduce her quantity purchased by the same percentage. c. Because Maria spends a smaller proportion of her income on clothing, then for any given price, her quantity demanded will be lower. Thus, her demand curve has shifted to the left. Because she will again spend a constant fraction of her income on clothing, her income and price elasticities of demand remain one. 9. a. If quantity demanded falls by 4. 3% when price rises by 20%, the price elasticity of demand is 4. /20 = 0. 215, which is fairly inelastic. b. Because the demand is inelastic, the Transit Authority's revenue rises when the fare rises. c. The elasticity estimate might be unreliable because it is only the first month after the fare increase. As time goes by, people may switch to other means of transportation in response to the price increase. So the elasticity may be larger in the long run than it is in the short run. 10. Tom's price elasticity of demand is zero, because he wants the same quantity regardless of the price. Jerry's price elasticity of demand is one, ecause he spends the same amount on gas, no matter what the price, which means his percentage change in quantity is equal to the percentage change in price. Chapter 5/Elasticity and Its Application 91 11. a. With a price elasticity of demand of 0. 4, reducing the quantity demanded of cigarettes by 20% requir es a 50% increase in price, because 20/50 = 0. 4. With the price of cigarettes currently $2, this would require an increase in the price to $3. 33 a pack using the midpoint method (note that ($3. 33 – $2)/$2. 67 = . 50). b. The policy will have a larger effect five years from now than it does one year from now.The elasticity is larger in the long run, because it may take some time for people to reduce their cigarette usage. The habit of smoking is hard to break in the short run. c. Because teenagers do not have as much income as adults, they are likely to have a higher price elasticity of demand. Also, adults are more likely to be addicted to cigarettes, making it more difficult to reduce their quantity demanded in response to a higher price. 12. In order to determine whether you should raise or lower the price of admissions, you need to know if the demand is elastic or inelastic.If demand is elastic, a decline in the price of admissions will increase total revenue. If demand is inelastic, an increase in the price of admissions will cause total revenue to rise. 13. a. As Figure 2 shows, the increase in supply reduces the equilibrium price and increases the equilibrium quantity in both markets. b. In the market for pharmaceutical drugs (with inelastic demand), the increase in supply leads to a relatively large decline in the equilibrium price and a small increase in the equilibrium quantity. Figure 2 c.In the market for computers (with elastic demand), the increase in supply leads to a relatively large increase in the equilibrium quantity and a small decline in the equilibrium price. d. Because demand is inelastic in the market for pharmaceutical drugs, the percentage increase in quantity will be lower than the percentage decrease in price; thus, total 92 Chapter 5/Elasticity and Its Application consumer spending will decline. Because demand is elastic in the market for computers, the percentage increase in quantity will be greater than the percentage de crease in price, so total consumer spending will increase. 4. a. As Figure 3 shows, the increase in demand increases both the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity in both markets. b. In the market for beachfront resorts (with inelastic supply), the increase in demand leads to a relatively large increase in the equilibrium price and a small increase in the equilibrium quantity. c. In the market for automobiles (with elastic supply), the increase in demand leads to a relatively large increase in the equilibrium quantity and a small increase in equilibrium price. d.In both markets, total consumer spending rises, because both equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity rise. Figure 3 15. a. Farmers whose crops were not destroyed benefited because the destruction of some of the crops reduced the supply, causing the equilibrium price to rise. b. To tell whether farmers as a group were hurt or helped by the floods, you would need to know the price elasticity of demand. It could be that the total revenue received by all farmers as a group actually rose. 16. A worldwide drought could increase the total revenue of farmers if the price elasticity of demand for grain is inelastic.The drought reduces the supply of grain, but if demand is inelastic, the reduction of supply causes a large increase in price. Total farm revenue would rise as a result. If there is only a drought in Kansas, Kansas’ production is not a large enough proportion of the total farm product to have much impact on the price. As a result, price does not change (or changes by only a slight amount), while the output by Kansas farmers declines, thus reducing their income. 17. The quantity demanded at various prices is shown in the table below:Chapter 5/Elasticity and Its Application Price 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quantity Demanded 60 30 20 15 12 10 93 Figure 4 The demand curve is shown in Figure 4. When price rises from $1 to $2 (a 66. 67 % increase), quantity demanded falls from 60 to 30 (a 66. 67% decr ease). Therefore, the price elasticity of demand is equal to one. When price rises from $5 to $6 (an 18. 18% increase), quantity demanded falls from 12 to 10 (an 18. 18% decline). Again the price elasticity is equal to one. A linear demand curve has a price elasticity that declines in absolute value as price falls. This demand curve has a constant elasticity equal to one.